"History of spraying devices and definition of poison"

"History of spraying devices and definition of poison" In 1850 and 1860, John Bain built a manual sprayer in California, and in 1880, the first solution sprayer came to the market, first to fight against fungal diseases of plants, especially the fungal disease of hair in the city of "Brode", France, the issue of poisoning and spraying It was raised and started. B. Smith succeeded in inventing the motorized sprayer in 1900 in New York, the tractor sprayer, after the development of rowing, around 1935, and finally spraying by airplane started around 1940. Around 1945, helicopters were used for spraying and spreading fertilizers. By definition, poison is any substance that has a harmful effect on living organisms. People's understanding of the word poison is that poison kills an organism, while the effect of poisons on living organisms may include immediate death or side effects such as genetic mutation or cancer or it has no effect. The effect of poisons on living organisms depends on factors such as the physiology of the living organism, the type of poison and the dose consumed. Paracelsus, the father of toxicology, said this in the 15th century; All substances are poisons, there is no substance that is not toxic, it is only the dose of a substance that causes poisoning. Therefore, a substance in a certain dose can be toxic, and the same substance in another dose, usually lower, can have a positive and medicinal effect. On the other hand, a compound, while being toxic for one species of living organism, can be less effective for another species. Everything has its amount and limits, and its consumption should be done in a correct and principled way so as not to cause harm to humans and other creatures. The principle that is also meant in the creation system. Almighty God says: "All things are created in measure." Of course, We created everything in measure. To measure the ability of each chemical substance to cause poisoning, 50% is set as a criterion and it is displayed with LD50. This unit is the amount or dose of poison that if it is fed to a living organism, there will be a 50% chance of that organism's death. The unit of this scale is very small and is in the range of milligrams per kilogram or one per million. The smaller this amount is, a compound The chemical will be more toxic. It can be said that all chemical compounds, even water and food, have a specific LD50 and if consumed more than the daily limit or ADI, it will become a toxic compound in the body. In religious texts, the emphasis on avoiding overeating is not only related to the economic aspect, but also to human health, because excess in this field can turn food into a toxic compound in the body. In our country, according to the statistics of the Food and Drug Organization, the use of pesticides, especially on many fruit and vegetable products, exceeds the permissible limit, and the cause of many cancers and genetic mutations is the use of pesticides along with agricultural products. It is very important to comply with the permissible limit in the use of poisons, because the use of more than the permissible limit causes damage to the environment, especially the consumers of agricultural products, and if it exceeds the permissible limit in meat, vegetables, water, etc. Consuming it brings many risks for human health. The Prophet of God has a saying that has become a rule in Islamic jurisprudence and law called the "harmless" rule. They say "la zharrul la zharar fi al-Islam" means harming and causing harm is not allowed in Islam, based on this principle, no farmer has the right to directly or indirectly cause harm to others and endanger the health of a Muslim by the unauthorized use of poison. Now we mention some of the advantages of using a sprayer: 1- The loss of crops is significantly reduced and high quality crops can be cultivated 2- The consumption of poison will be significantly saved and the poison will be spread evenly and in smaller droplets 3- The rate of spraying increases and the effort of the operator decreases. 4- The efficiency and quality of work increases 5- The costs of spraying will decrease significantly, therefore, since long ago, the effort of spraying and disinfecting the environment by human power, which is directly related to toxic substances And it has been challenging to have various diseases, but in the new system, human power has been directly eliminated and you do this process automatically. Types of sprayers Rechargeable sprayer, Farghuni sprayer, manual sprayer, butterfly sprayer, tractor sprayer, electric sprayer, pneumatic sprayer, Farghuni electric sprayer, back sprayer, rechargeable back sprayer, Tiller sprayer, turbine sprayer behind a tractor, turbine sprayer, hose sprayer, sprayer Hey, atomizer sprayer 1. Manual sprayer: For spraying in small spaces and scales such as houses, gardens, health centers, greenhouses, you use these types of sprayers, which are available in scales from 2 to 25 mm. These sprayers are available in two sizes. Plastic and steel types are available in the market, this category of pesticide sprayers is called greenhouse sprayers. The advantage of this category of pesticide sprayers is that compared to back and pump sprayers, the pressure is constant throughout the sprayer. 2-Motorized back sprayer: The mechanism of operation of this type of sprayer is the same as manual sprayers, with the difference that the necessary pressure for the sprayer is provided through a gasoline engine. 3- Farghuni sprayer: For spraying in large volumes such as gardens, it is recommended to use a Farghuni sprayer, the tank of this type of sprayer is large and it enables spraying on a large scale. But the use of these sprayers in fields is not recommended and it is suggested to use special sprays for fields. 4. Sprayer behind the tractor: for spraying poison on large scales and large surfaces, such as fields and mechanized orchards of pistachios, peaches, olives, apples and